Leading Citizenship by Investment Programs

Citizenship by investment is a legal process through which qualified individuals can obtain citizenship and a passport from a sovereign country by making a significant, government-approved economic contribution. Unlike traditional naturalization, which requires years of residence, citizenship by investment programs typically grant citizenship within a shorter period of time and often extend eligibility to the applicant’s immediate family members.

Several citizenship by investment countries offer programs in 2026, including Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Egypt, Grenada, Jordan, Nauru, Malta, São Tomé and Príncipe, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, and Türkiye. Additional programs are expected in countries such as Argentina, Botswana, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines in 2026.

The citizenship by investment cost varies depending on the country and investment route. Caribbean programs typically start from around USD 200,000–250,000. São Tomé and Príncipe starts at USD 95,000, while Türkiye requires a minimum real estate investment of USD 400,000. Additional due diligence, government, and legal fees also apply.

The difference in citizenship by investment vs. golden visa programs is that citizenship by investment grants full citizenship and a passport directly, often within months. A golden visa provides residence rights, which may lead to citizenship only after several years of meeting residence and naturalization requirements. Citizenship by investment is typically faster but involves a higher upfront investment.

The citizenship by investment processing time varies by program. Some countries process applications in around 3–4 months, while others may take 12–36 months. Timelines also depend on how complete the applicant’s documentation is. Please contact us to find out more about a specific program.

Most citizenship by investment family programs allow the main applicant to include a spouse, dependent children (often up to age 28–30 if in full-time education), and sometimes dependent parents or grandparents. Additional fees may apply but included family members receive the same citizenship and passport benefits.

In most cases, citizenship by investment programs do not require applicants to live in the country. Caribbean programs generally have no residency requirement, although short visits may be introduced in 2026. Malta requires eight months of residence, while Türkiye does not require ongoing physical presence beyond initial procedures.

Yes, these programs are legal, established and regulated by national legislation. Applicants must pass strict due diligence checks, including background screening, source of funds verification, and anti-money laundering compliance, to ensure program integrity.

Most dual citizenship by investment programs allow applicants to retain their original nationality. However, it is important to confirm whether your home country permits dual citizenship, as some countries restrict or do not recognize it.

The cheapest citizenship by investment options are typically found in countries such as São Tomé and Príncipe and Nauru, with entry points starting from approximately USD 90,000–130,000 via donation. Dominica is also one of the most affordable Caribbean options, and emerging programs may introduce lower entry thresholds.

Common citizenship by investment options include non-refundable government donations, purchasing government-approved real estate (usually with a 3–7 year holding period), investing in government bonds or securities, and business or enterprise investments. Each country sets its own requirements and minimum investment amounts.

The citizenship by investment due diligence process involves comprehensive background checks, including identity verification, source of funds analysis, criminal record screening, anti-money laundering compliance, and sanctions checks. Many programs also use independent international due diligence firms alongside government checks.

Regarding second passport tax implications, obtaining a second citizenship does not automatically change your tax residence or obligations. Tax residence is usually based on where you live and have economic ties, although some citizenship by investment countries offer favorable tax regimes. Professional tax advice is recommended.

The main citizenship by investment benefits include greater global mobility with visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to a great number of destinations worldwide, the right to live and work in another country, access to favorable tax environments, expanded business opportunities, and long-term security for families.

Malta provides a legal framework for the acquisition of citizenship for individuals who render exceptional services or contributions, including through job creation, to the Republic of Malta or to humanity. Citizenship may also be granted where an individual’s naturalisation is of exceptional interest to the Republic of Malta, as they are deemed to possess the necessary skills, profile, qualities, talents, and expertise that are considered to significantly advance or benefit the national interest.

Citizenship by investment revocation can occur in rare cases. While citizenship is generally permanent, it may be revoked if obtained through fraud, misrepresentation, or if the individual is later involved in serious criminal activity or national security concerns.

Choosing the best citizenship by investment program depends on your priorities, such as global mobility, tax planning, processing speed, cost, and family inclusion. Other important factors include passport strength, investment type, program reputation, and regulatory stability. As the global leader in residence and citizenship planning, Henley & Partners can provide personalized guidance so you choose the program best suited to your needs.